:: Brouwer Invariance of Domain Theorem :: by Karol P\kak :: :: Received February 11, 2014 :: Copyright (c) 2014-2021 Association of Mizar Users :: (Stowarzyszenie Uzytkownikow Mizara, Bialystok, Poland). :: This code can be distributed under the GNU General Public Licence :: version 3.0 or later, or the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike :: License version 3.0 or later, subject to the binding interpretation :: detailed in file COPYING.interpretation. :: See COPYING.GPL and COPYING.CC-BY-SA for the full text of these :: licenses, or see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html and :: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. environ vocabularies ARYTM_1, ARYTM_3, BROUWER, CARD_1, COMPLEX1, CONVEX1, EUCLID, FUNCOP_1, FUNCT_1, FUNCT_4, JGRAPH_4, MEMBERED, METRIC_1, NAT_1, NUMBERS, ORDINAL2, PCOMPS_1, PRE_TOPC, RCOMP_1, REAL_1, RELAT_1, STRUCT_0, SUBSET_1, SUPINF_2, TARSKI, TOPMETR, TOPS_1, TOPS_2, VALUED_1, XBOOLE_0, XXREAL_0, FUNCT_2, EUCLID_9, TOPREALC, FINSEQ_1, FINSEQ_2, CARD_3, PARTFUN3, SQUARE_1, XCMPLX_0, PARTFUN1, FINSET_1, VALUED_0, ORDINAL4, PRE_POLY, PSCOMP_1, RVSUM_1, VALUED_2, T_0TOPSP, WAYBEL23, TOPDIM_1, MATRTOP3, TOPREALB, RLTOPSP1, FUNCT_3, RLAFFIN1, RLVECT_5, MEASURE5, BORSUK_1, UNIALG_1, MSSUBFAM, MATRLIN, MESFUNC1, VECTSP_1; notations TARSKI, XBOOLE_0, FINSET_1, VALUED_0, SUBSET_1, RELAT_1, FUNCT_1, RELSET_1, PARTFUN1, FUNCT_2, COMPLEX1, ORDINAL1, NUMBERS, XXREAL_0, XREAL_0, RVSUM_1, VALUED_1, VALUED_2, XXREAL_3, XCMPLX_0, NAT_1, CARD_1, MEMBERED, FUNCOP_1, FINSEQ_1, FINSEQ_2, STRUCT_0, PRE_TOPC, TOPS_1, PSCOMP_1, METRIC_1, PCOMPS_1, TOPMETR, FUNCT_7, RLVECT_1, RLTOPSP1, EUCLID, TOPREAL9, PARTFUN3, TOPS_2, COMPTS_1, TBSP_1, JGRAPH_4, TMAP_1, BROUWER, EUCLID_9, CARD_3, SQUARE_1, PRE_POLY, JORDAN2B, WAYBEL23, T_0TOPSP, METRIZTS, RLAFFIN1, TOPREALB, FUNCT_4, DOMAIN_1, CONVEX1, TIETZE_2, RLVECT_5, BORSUK_1, VECTSP_1, TOPREALC, MATRTOP3, MATRIX_1, TOPDIM_1; constructors TBSP_1, MONOID_0, CONVEX1, TOPS_1, COMPTS_1, FUNCSDOM, PARTFUN3, JGRAPH_4, TMAP_1, TOPREALC, BROUWER, EUCLID_9, SQUARE_1, JORDAN2B, PSCOMP_1, WAYBEL23, TOPDIM_1, METRIZTS, SIMPLEX0, RLAFFIN1, BORSUK_3, RLVECT_5, MATRTOP3, TIETZE_2, LAPLACE; registrations BORSUK_1, BROUWER, EUCLID, EUCLID_9, FUNCOP_1, FINSEQ_1, FUNCT_1, FUNCT_2, JGRAPH_4, MEMBERED, NAT_1, PCOMPS_1, PRE_TOPC, RELAT_1, PARTFUN3, RVSUM_1, SIMPLEX2, STRUCT_0, SUBSET_1, TMAP_1, TOPGRP_1, TOPMETR, TOPS_1, VALUED_0, VALUED_2, XBOOLE_0, XREAL_0, XXREAL_0, RELSET_1, FINSET_1, MONOID_0, SQUARE_1, FUNCT_7, NUMBERS, JORDAN2B, FINSEQ_2, TOPREALC, PARTFUN4, COMPTS_1, TOPREALB, CARD_1, INT_1, TOPREAL1, TOPREAL9, METRIZTS, RLTOPSP1, RLAFFIN1, RLAFFIN3, XXREAL_3, TOPDIM_1, TOPDIM_2, REVROT_1, WAYBEL_2, XCMPLX_0, ZFMISC_1, VECTSP_1, PRE_POLY, VALUED_1, MATRTOP3; requirements ARITHM, BOOLE, NUMERALS, SUBSET, REAL; begin :: Preliminaries reserve x,X for set, n, m, i for Nat, p, q for Point of TOP-REAL n, A, B for Subset of TOP-REAL n, r, s for Real; registration let X; let n; cluster -> FinSequence-yielding for Function of X,TOP-REAL n; end; definition let X,n,m; let f be Function of X,TOP-REAL n; let g be Function of X,TOP-REAL m; redefine func f^^g -> Function of X,TOP-REAL (n+m); end; registration let T be TopSpace; let n,m; let f be continuous Function of T,TOP-REAL n; let g be continuous Function of T,TOP-REAL m; cluster f^^g -> continuous for Function of T,TOP-REAL (n+m); end; definition let f be real-valued Function; func |[ f ]| -> Function means :: BROUWER3:def 1 dom it = dom f & for x be object st x in dom it holds it.x = |[ f.x ]|; end; registration let f be real-valued Function; cluster |[ f ]| -> (the carrier of TOP-REAL 1)-valued; end; definition let X; let Y be non empty real-membered set; let f be Function of X,Y; redefine func |[ f ]| -> Function of X,TOP-REAL 1; end; registration let T be non empty TopSpace; let f be continuous Function of T,R^1; cluster |[ f ]| -> continuous for Function of T,TOP-REAL 1; end; registration let T be non empty TopSpace; let f be continuous RealMap of T; cluster |[ f ]| -> continuous for Function of T,TOP-REAL 1; end; begin :: A Distribution of Sphere reserve N for non zero Nat, u,t for Point of TOP-REAL(N+1); theorem :: BROUWER3:1 for F be Element of N-tuples_on Funcs(the carrier of TOP-REAL(N+1),the carrier of R^1) st for i st i in dom F holds F.i = PROJ(N+1,i) holds (for t holds <:F:>.t = t|N) & for Sp,Sn be Subset of TOP-REAL(N+1) st Sp = {u: u.(N+1)>=0 & |.u.|=1} & Sn = {t: t.(N+1)<=0 & |.t.|=1} holds <:F:>.:Sp = cl_Ball(0.TOP-REAL N,1) & <:F:>.:Sn = cl_Ball(0.TOP-REAL N,1) & <:F:>.:(Sp/\Sn) = Sphere(0.TOP-REAL N,1) & (for H be Function of (TOP-REAL(N+1)) |Sp,Tdisk(0.TOP-REAL N,1) st H= <:F:>|Sp holds H is being_homeomorphism) & for H be Function of (TOP-REAL(N+1)) |Sn,Tdisk(0.TOP-REAL N,1) st H= <:F:>|Sn holds H is being_homeomorphism; theorem :: BROUWER3:2 for Sp,Sn be Subset of TOP-REAL n st Sp = {s where s is Point of TOP-REAL n: s.n >= 0 & |.s.| = 1} & Sn = {t where t is Point of TOP-REAL n: t.n <= 0 & |.t.| = 1} holds Sp is closed & Sn is closed; theorem :: BROUWER3:3 for TM be metrizable TopSpace st TM is finite-ind second-countable for F be closed Subset of TM st ind (F`) <= n for f be continuous Function of TM|F,Tunit_circle(n+1) ex g being continuous Function of TM,Tunit_circle(n+1) st g|F=f; theorem :: BROUWER3:4 not p in A & r>0 implies ex h be Function of (TOP-REAL n) |A,(TOP-REAL n) |Sphere(p,r) st h is continuous & h|Sphere(p,r) = id (A/\Sphere(p,r)); theorem :: BROUWER3:5 r + |.p-q.| <= s implies Ball(p,r) c= Ball(q,s); theorem :: BROUWER3:6 A is non boundary implies ind A = n; ::$N The Small Inductive Dimension of the Sphere theorem :: BROUWER3:7 r>0 implies ind Sphere(p,r) = n-1; begin :: A Characterization of Open Sets in Euclidean Space :: in Terms of Continuous Transformations theorem :: BROUWER3:8 for p st n>0 & p in A & for r st r>0 ex U be open Subset of (TOP-REAL n) |A st p in U & U c= Ball(p,r) & for f be Function of (TOP-REAL n) | (A\U),Tunit_circle(n) st f is continuous ex h be Function of (TOP-REAL n) |A,Tunit_circle(n) st h is continuous & h| (A\U) = f holds p in Fr A; theorem :: BROUWER3:9 for p st p in Fr A & A is closed for r st r>0 ex U be open Subset of (TOP-REAL n) |A st p in U & U c= Ball(p,r) & for f be Function of (TOP-REAL n) | (A\U),Tunit_circle(n) st f is continuous ex h be Function of (TOP-REAL n) |A,Tunit_circle(n) st h is continuous & h| (A\U) = f; begin :: Brouwer Invariance of Domain Theorem - Special case theorem :: BROUWER3:10 A is closed & p in Fr A implies for h be Function of (TOP-REAL n) |A,(TOP-REAL n) |B st h is being_homeomorphism holds h.p in Fr B; theorem :: BROUWER3:11 B is closed & p in Int A implies for h be Function of (TOP-REAL n) |A,(TOP-REAL n) |B st h is being_homeomorphism holds h.p in Int B; theorem :: BROUWER3:12 A is closed & B is closed implies for h be Function of (TOP-REAL n) |A,(TOP-REAL n) |B st h is being_homeomorphism holds h.:Int A = Int B & h.:Fr A = Fr B; begin :: Topological Invariance of Dimension - An Introduction to Manifolds theorem :: BROUWER3:13 for r st r>0 for U be Subset of Tdisk(p,r) st U is open non empty for A be Subset of TOP-REAL n st A = U holds Int A is non empty; theorem :: BROUWER3:14 for T be non empty TopSpace for A,B be Subset of T for r,s st r>0 & s>0 for pA be Point of TOP-REAL n,pB be Point of TOP-REAL m st T|A,Tdisk(pA,r) are_homeomorphic & T|B,Tdisk(pB,s) are_homeomorphic & Int A meets Int B holds n = m; theorem :: BROUWER3:15 for T be non empty TopSpace for A,B be Subset of T for r,s st r>0 & s>0 for pA be Point of TOP-REAL n, pB be Point of TOP-REAL m st T|A,(TOP-REAL n) |Ball(pA,r) are_homeomorphic & T|B,Tdisk(pB,s) are_homeomorphic & Int A meets Int B holds n = m; theorem :: BROUWER3:16 transl(p,TOP-REAL n).: Ball(q,r) = Ball(q+p,r) & transl(p,TOP-REAL n).: cl_Ball(q,r) = cl_Ball(q+p,r) & transl(p,TOP-REAL n).: Sphere(q,r) = Sphere(q+p,r); theorem :: BROUWER3:17 for s st s > 0 holds mlt(s,TOP-REAL n).: Ball(p,r) = Ball(s*p,r*s) & mlt(s,TOP-REAL n).: cl_Ball(p,r) = cl_Ball(s*p,r*s) & mlt(s,TOP-REAL n).: Sphere(p,r) = Sphere(s*p,r*s); theorem :: BROUWER3:18 for f be rotation homogeneous additive Function of TOP-REAL n,TOP-REAL n st f is onto holds f.: Ball(p,r) = Ball(f.p,r) & f.: cl_Ball(p,r) = cl_Ball(f.p,r) & f.: Sphere(p,r) = Sphere(f.p,r); theorem :: BROUWER3:19 for p,q be Point of TOP-REAL (n+1) for r,s st s <= r & r <= |.p-q.| & s < |.p-q.| & |.p-q.|< s+ r ex h be Function of (TOP-REAL (n+1)) | (Sphere(p,r)/\ cl_Ball(q,s)), Tdisk(0.TOP-REAL n,1) st h is being_homeomorphism & h.:(Sphere(p,r) /\ Sphere(q,s)) = Sphere(0.TOP-REAL n,1);