:: The Differentiable Functions from $\mathbbR$ into ${\mathbbR}^n$
:: by Keiko Narita , Artur Korni\l owicz and Yasunari Shidama
::
:: Copyright (c) 2011-2018 Association of Mizar Users

set ZR = [#] REAL;

Lm1: the carrier of () = REAL 1
by REAL_NS1:def 4;

theorem Th1: :: NDIFF_4:1
for m being Element of NAT
for f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL m) holds f1 - f2 = f1 + (- f2)
proof end;

definition
let n be non zero Element of NAT ;
let f be PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n);
let x be Real;
pred f is_differentiable_in x means :: NDIFF_4:def 1
ex g being PartFunc of REAL,() st
( f = g & g is_differentiable_in x );
end;

:: deftheorem defines is_differentiable_in NDIFF_4:def 1 :
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n)
for x being Real holds
( f is_differentiable_in x iff ex g being PartFunc of REAL,() st
( f = g & g is_differentiable_in x ) );

theorem :: NDIFF_4:2
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n)
for h being PartFunc of REAL,()
for x being Real st h = f holds
( f is_differentiable_in x iff h is_differentiable_in x ) ;

definition
let n be non zero Element of NAT ;
let f be PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n);
let x be Real;
func diff (f,x) -> Element of REAL n means :Def2: :: NDIFF_4:def 2
ex g being PartFunc of REAL,() st
( f = g & it = diff (g,x) );
existence
ex b1 being Element of REAL n ex g being PartFunc of REAL,() st
( f = g & b1 = diff (g,x) )
proof end;
uniqueness
for b1, b2 being Element of REAL n st ex g being PartFunc of REAL,() st
( f = g & b1 = diff (g,x) ) & ex g being PartFunc of REAL,() st
( f = g & b2 = diff (g,x) ) holds
b1 = b2
;
end;

:: deftheorem Def2 defines diff NDIFF_4:def 2 :
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n)
for x being Real
for b4 being Element of REAL n holds
( b4 = diff (f,x) iff ex g being PartFunc of REAL,() st
( f = g & b4 = diff (g,x) ) );

theorem Th3: :: NDIFF_4:3
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n)
for h being PartFunc of REAL,()
for x being Real st h = f holds
diff (f,x) = diff (h,x)
proof end;

definition
let n be non zero Element of NAT ;
let f be PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n);
let X be set ;
pred f is_differentiable_on X means :: NDIFF_4:def 3
( X c= dom f & ( for x being Real st x in X holds
f | X is_differentiable_in x ) );
end;

:: deftheorem defines is_differentiable_on NDIFF_4:def 3 :
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n)
for X being set holds
( f is_differentiable_on X iff ( X c= dom f & ( for x being Real st x in X holds
f | X is_differentiable_in x ) ) );

theorem Th4: :: NDIFF_4:4
for X being set
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st f is_differentiable_on X holds
X is Subset of REAL by XBOOLE_1:1;

theorem Th5: :: NDIFF_4:5
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for Z being open Subset of REAL
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) holds
( f is_differentiable_on Z iff ( Z c= dom f & ( for x being Real st x in Z holds
f is_differentiable_in x ) ) )
proof end;

theorem Th6: :: NDIFF_4:6
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for Y being Subset of REAL
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st f is_differentiable_on Y holds
Y is open
proof end;

definition
let n be non zero Element of NAT ;
let f be PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n);
let X be set ;
assume A1: f is_differentiable_on X ;
func f | X -> PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) means :Def4: :: NDIFF_4:def 4
( dom it = X & ( for x being Real st x in X holds
it . x = diff (f,x) ) );
existence
ex b1 being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st
( dom b1 = X & ( for x being Real st x in X holds
b1 . x = diff (f,x) ) )
proof end;
uniqueness
for b1, b2 being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st dom b1 = X & ( for x being Real st x in X holds
b1 . x = diff (f,x) ) & dom b2 = X & ( for x being Real st x in X holds
b2 . x = diff (f,x) ) holds
b1 = b2
proof end;
end;

:: deftheorem Def4 defines | NDIFF_4:def 4 :
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n)
for X being set st f is_differentiable_on X holds
for b4 being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) holds
( b4 = f | X iff ( dom b4 = X & ( for x being Real st x in X holds
b4 . x = diff (f,x) ) ) );

theorem :: NDIFF_4:7
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for Z being open Subset of REAL
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st Z c= dom f & ex r being Element of REAL n st rng f = {r} holds
( f is_differentiable_on Z & ( for x being Real st x in Z holds
(f | Z) /. x = 0* n ) )
proof end;

theorem :: NDIFF_4:8
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n)
for g being PartFunc of REAL,()
for N being Neighbourhood of x0 st f = g & f is_differentiable_in x0 & N c= dom f holds
for h being non-zero 0 -convergent Real_Sequence
for c being constant Real_Sequence st rng c = {x0} & rng (h + c) c= N holds
( (h ") (#) ((g /* (h + c)) - (g /* c)) is convergent & diff (f,x0) = lim ((h ") (#) ((g /* (h + c)) - (g /* c))) )
proof end;

theorem Th9: :: NDIFF_4:9
for x0, r being Real
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st f is_differentiable_in x0 holds
( r (#) f is_differentiable_in x0 & diff ((r (#) f),x0) = r * (diff (f,x0)) )
proof end;

theorem Th10: :: NDIFF_4:10
for x0 being Real
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st f is_differentiable_in x0 holds
( - f is_differentiable_in x0 & diff ((- f),x0) = - (diff (f,x0)) )
proof end;

theorem Th11: :: NDIFF_4:11
for x0 being Real
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st f1 is_differentiable_in x0 & f2 is_differentiable_in x0 holds
( f1 + f2 is_differentiable_in x0 & diff ((f1 + f2),x0) = (diff (f1,x0)) + (diff (f2,x0)) )
proof end;

theorem :: NDIFF_4:12
for x0 being Real
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st f1 is_differentiable_in x0 & f2 is_differentiable_in x0 holds
( f1 - f2 is_differentiable_in x0 & diff ((f1 - f2),x0) = (diff (f1,x0)) - (diff (f2,x0)) )
proof end;

theorem Th13: :: NDIFF_4:13
for r being Real
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for Z being open Subset of REAL
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st Z c= dom f & f is_differentiable_on Z holds
( r (#) f is_differentiable_on Z & ( for x being Real st x in Z holds
((r (#) f) | Z) . x = r * (diff (f,x)) ) )
proof end;

theorem Th14: :: NDIFF_4:14
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for Z being open Subset of REAL
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st Z c= dom f & f is_differentiable_on Z holds
( - f is_differentiable_on Z & ( for x being Real st x in Z holds
((- f) | Z) . x = - (diff (f,x)) ) )
proof end;

theorem Th15: :: NDIFF_4:15
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for Z being open Subset of REAL
for f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st Z c= dom (f1 + f2) & f1 is_differentiable_on Z & f2 is_differentiable_on Z holds
( f1 + f2 is_differentiable_on Z & ( for x being Real st x in Z holds
((f1 + f2) | Z) . x = (diff (f1,x)) + (diff (f2,x)) ) )
proof end;

theorem :: NDIFF_4:16
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for Z being open Subset of REAL
for f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st Z c= dom (f1 - f2) & f1 is_differentiable_on Z & f2 is_differentiable_on Z holds
( f1 - f2 is_differentiable_on Z & ( for x being Real st x in Z holds
((f1 - f2) | Z) . x = (diff (f1,x)) - (diff (f2,x)) ) )
proof end;

theorem :: NDIFF_4:17
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for Z being open Subset of REAL
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st Z c= dom f & f | Z is constant holds
( f is_differentiable_on Z & ( for x being Real st x in Z holds
(f | Z) . x = 0* n ) )
proof end;

theorem Th18: :: NDIFF_4:18
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for Z being open Subset of REAL
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n)
for r, p being Element of REAL n st Z c= dom f & ( for x being Real st x in Z holds
f /. x = (x * r) + p ) holds
( f is_differentiable_on Z & ( for x being Real st x in Z holds
(f | Z) . x = r ) )
proof end;

theorem :: NDIFF_4:19
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n)
for x0 being Real st f is_differentiable_in x0 holds
f is_continuous_in x0 by ;

theorem :: NDIFF_4:20
for X being set
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st f is_differentiable_on X holds
f | X is continuous
proof end;

theorem Th21: :: NDIFF_4:21
for X being set
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for Z being open Subset of REAL
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st f is_differentiable_on X & Z c= X holds
f is_differentiable_on Z
proof end;

definition
let n be non zero Element of NAT ;
let f be PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n);
attr f is differentiable means :Def5: :: NDIFF_4:def 5
f is_differentiable_on dom f;
end;

:: deftheorem Def5 defines differentiable NDIFF_4:def 5 :
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) holds
( f is differentiable iff f is_differentiable_on dom f );

registration
let n be non zero Element of NAT ;
cluster K229(REAL,(0* n)) -> differentiable for Function of REAL,(REAL n);
coherence
for b1 being Function of REAL,(REAL n) st b1 = REAL --> (0* n) holds
b1 is differentiable
proof end;
end;

registration
let n be non zero Element of NAT ;
existence
ex b1 being Function of REAL,(REAL n) st b1 is differentiable
proof end;
end;

theorem :: NDIFF_4:22
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for Z being open Subset of REAL
for f being differentiable PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st Z c= dom f holds
f is_differentiable_on Z by ;

theorem Th23: :: NDIFF_4:23
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for R being PartFunc of REAL,() st R is total holds
( R is RestFunc-like iff for r being Real st r > 0 holds
ex d being Real st
( d > 0 & ( for z being Real st z <> 0 & |.z.| < d holds
() * ||.(R /. z).|| < r ) ) )
proof end;

reconsider jj = 1 as Element of REAL by XREAL_0:def 1;

theorem Th24: :: NDIFF_4:24
for i being Element of NAT
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for g being PartFunc of REAL,()
for x0 being Real st 1 <= i & i <= n & g is_differentiable_in x0 holds
( (Proj (i,n)) * g is_differentiable_in x0 & (Proj (i,n)) . (diff (g,x0)) = diff (((Proj (i,n)) * g),x0) )
proof end;

theorem Th25: :: NDIFF_4:25
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for g being PartFunc of REAL,()
for x0 being Real holds
( g is_differentiable_in x0 iff for i being Element of NAT st 1 <= i & i <= n holds
(Proj (i,n)) * g is_differentiable_in x0 )
proof end;

theorem :: NDIFF_4:26
for i being Element of NAT
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n)
for x0 being Real st 1 <= i & i <= n & f is_differentiable_in x0 holds
( (Proj (i,n)) * f is_differentiable_in x0 & (Proj (i,n)) . (diff (f,x0)) = diff (((Proj (i,n)) * f),x0) )
proof end;

theorem :: NDIFF_4:27
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n)
for x0 being Real holds
( f is_differentiable_in x0 iff for i being Element of NAT st 1 <= i & i <= n holds
(Proj (i,n)) * f is_differentiable_in x0 )
proof end;

theorem Th28: :: NDIFF_4:28
for X being set
for i being Element of NAT
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for g being PartFunc of REAL,() st 1 <= i & i <= n & g is_differentiable_on X holds
( (Proj (i,n)) * g is_differentiable_on X & (Proj (i,n)) * (g | X) = ((Proj (i,n)) * g) | X )
proof end;

theorem Th29: :: NDIFF_4:29
for X being set
for i being Element of NAT
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) st 1 <= i & i <= n & f is_differentiable_on X holds
( (Proj (i,n)) * f is_differentiable_on X & (Proj (i,n)) * (f | X) = ((Proj (i,n)) * f) | X )
proof end;

theorem Th30: :: NDIFF_4:30
for X being set
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for g being PartFunc of REAL,() holds
( g is_differentiable_on X iff for i being Element of NAT st 1 <= i & i <= n holds
(Proj (i,n)) * g is_differentiable_on X )
proof end;

theorem :: NDIFF_4:31
for X being set
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of REAL,(REAL n) holds
( f is_differentiable_on X iff for i being Element of NAT st 1 <= i & i <= n holds
(Proj (i,n)) * f is_differentiable_on X )
proof end;

theorem Th32: :: NDIFF_4:32
for J being Function of (),REAL
for x0 being Point of () st J = proj (1,1) holds
J is_continuous_in x0
proof end;

theorem Th33: :: NDIFF_4:33
for x0 being Real
for I being Function of REAL,() st I = (proj (1,1)) " holds
I is_continuous_in x0
proof end;

theorem Th34: :: NDIFF_4:34
for S, T being RealNormSpace
for f1 being PartFunc of S,REAL
for f2 being PartFunc of REAL,T
for x0 being Point of S st x0 in dom (f2 * f1) & f1 is_continuous_in x0 & f2 is_continuous_in f1 /. x0 holds
f2 * f1 is_continuous_in x0
proof end;

Lm2: ( dom (proj (1,1)) = REAL 1 & rng (proj (1,1)) = REAL & ( for x being Element of REAL holds
( (proj (1,1)) . <*x*> = x & ((proj (1,1)) ") . x = <*x*> ) ) )

proof end;

theorem :: NDIFF_4:35
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for J being Function of (),REAL
for x0 being Point of ()
for y0 being Element of REAL
for g being PartFunc of REAL,()
for f being PartFunc of (),() st J = proj (1,1) & x0 in dom f & y0 in dom g & x0 = <*y0*> & f = g * J holds
( f is_continuous_in x0 iff g is_continuous_in y0 )
proof end;

theorem :: NDIFF_4:36
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for I being Function of REAL,()
for x0 being Point of ()
for y0 being Element of REAL
for g being PartFunc of REAL,()
for f being PartFunc of (),() st I = (proj (1,1)) " & x0 in dom f & y0 in dom g & x0 = <*y0*> & f * I = g holds
( f is_continuous_in x0 iff g is_continuous_in y0 )
proof end;

theorem :: NDIFF_4:37
for x0 being Real
for I being Function of REAL,() st I = (proj (1,1)) " holds
( I is_differentiable_in x0 & diff (I,x0) = <*1*> )
proof end;

definition
let n be non zero Element of NAT ;
let f be PartFunc of (),REAL;
let x be Point of ();
pred f is_differentiable_in x means :: NDIFF_4:def 6
ex g being PartFunc of (REAL n),REAL ex y being Element of REAL n st
( f = g & x = y & g is_differentiable_in y );
end;

:: deftheorem defines is_differentiable_in NDIFF_4:def 6 :
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of (),REAL
for x being Point of () holds
( f is_differentiable_in x iff ex g being PartFunc of (REAL n),REAL ex y being Element of REAL n st
( f = g & x = y & g is_differentiable_in y ) );

definition
let n be non zero Element of NAT ;
let f be PartFunc of (),REAL;
let x be Point of ();
func diff (f,x) -> Function of (),REAL means :Def7: :: NDIFF_4:def 7
ex g being PartFunc of (REAL n),REAL ex y being Element of REAL n st
( f = g & x = y & it = diff (g,y) );
existence
ex b1 being Function of (),REAL ex g being PartFunc of (REAL n),REAL ex y being Element of REAL n st
( f = g & x = y & b1 = diff (g,y) )
proof end;
uniqueness
for b1, b2 being Function of (),REAL st ex g being PartFunc of (REAL n),REAL ex y being Element of REAL n st
( f = g & x = y & b1 = diff (g,y) ) & ex g being PartFunc of (REAL n),REAL ex y being Element of REAL n st
( f = g & x = y & b2 = diff (g,y) ) holds
b1 = b2
;
end;

:: deftheorem Def7 defines diff NDIFF_4:def 7 :
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for f being PartFunc of (),REAL
for x being Point of ()
for b4 being Function of (),REAL holds
( b4 = diff (f,x) iff ex g being PartFunc of (REAL n),REAL ex y being Element of REAL n st
( f = g & x = y & b4 = diff (g,y) ) );

theorem Th38: :: NDIFF_4:38
for J being Function of (REAL 1),REAL
for x0 being Element of REAL 1 st J = proj (1,1) holds
( J is_differentiable_in x0 & diff (J,x0) = J )
proof end;

theorem :: NDIFF_4:39
for J being Function of (),REAL
for x0 being Point of () st J = proj (1,1) holds
( J is_differentiable_in x0 & diff (J,x0) = J )
proof end;

theorem Th40: :: NDIFF_4:40
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for I being Function of REAL,() st I = (proj (1,1)) " holds
( ( for R being RestFunc of (),() holds R * I is RestFunc of () ) & ( for L being LinearOperator of (),() holds L * I is LinearFunc of () ) )
proof end;

theorem Th41: :: NDIFF_4:41
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for J being Function of (),REAL st J = proj (1,1) holds
( ( for R being RestFunc of () holds R * J is RestFunc of (),() ) & ( for L being LinearFunc of () holds L * J is Lipschitzian LinearOperator of (),() ) )
proof end;

theorem Th42: :: NDIFF_4:42
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for I being Function of REAL,()
for x0 being Point of ()
for y0 being Element of REAL
for g being PartFunc of REAL,()
for f being PartFunc of (),() st I = (proj (1,1)) " & x0 in dom f & y0 in dom g & x0 = <*y0*> & f * I = g & f is_differentiable_in x0 holds
( g is_differentiable_in y0 & diff (g,y0) = (diff (f,x0)) . <*1*> & ( for r being Element of REAL holds (diff (f,x0)) . <*r*> = r * (diff (g,y0)) ) )
proof end;

theorem Th43: :: NDIFF_4:43
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for I being Function of REAL,()
for x0 being Point of ()
for y0 being Real
for g being PartFunc of REAL,()
for f being PartFunc of (),() st I = (proj (1,1)) " & x0 in dom f & y0 in dom g & x0 = <*y0*> & f * I = g holds
( f is_differentiable_in x0 iff g is_differentiable_in y0 )
proof end;

theorem Th44: :: NDIFF_4:44
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for J being Function of (),REAL
for x0 being Point of ()
for y0 being Element of REAL
for g being PartFunc of REAL,()
for f being PartFunc of (),() st J = proj (1,1) & x0 in dom f & y0 in dom g & x0 = <*y0*> & f = g * J holds
( f is_differentiable_in x0 iff g is_differentiable_in y0 )
proof end;

theorem :: NDIFF_4:45
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for J being Function of (),REAL
for x0 being Point of ()
for y0 being Element of REAL
for g being PartFunc of REAL,()
for f being PartFunc of (),() st J = proj (1,1) & x0 in dom f & y0 in dom g & x0 = <*y0*> & f = g * J & g is_differentiable_in y0 holds
( f is_differentiable_in x0 & diff (g,y0) = (diff (f,x0)) . <*1*> & ( for r being Element of REAL holds (diff (f,x0)) . <*r*> = r * (diff (g,y0)) ) )
proof end;

theorem Th46: :: NDIFF_4:46
for n being non zero Element of NAT
for R being RestFunc of () st R /. 0 = 0. () holds
for e being Real st e > 0 holds
ex d being Real st
( d > 0 & ( for h being Real st |.h.| < d holds
||.(R /. h).|| <= e * |.h.| ) )
proof end;

theorem Th47: :: NDIFF_4:47
for n, m being non zero Element of NAT
for R being RestFunc of ()
for L being Lipschitzian LinearOperator of (),() holds L * R is RestFunc of ()
proof end;

theorem Th48: :: NDIFF_4:48
for n, m being non zero Element of NAT
for R1 being RestFunc of () st R1 /. 0 = 0. () holds
for R2 being RestFunc of (),() st R2 /. (0. ()) = 0. () holds
for L being LinearFunc of () holds R2 * (L + R1) is RestFunc of ()
proof end;

theorem Th49: :: NDIFF_4:49
for n, m being non zero Element of NAT
for R1 being RestFunc of () st R1 /. 0 = 0. () holds
for R2 being RestFunc of (),() st R2 /. (0. ()) = 0. () holds
for L1 being LinearFunc of ()
for L2 being Lipschitzian LinearOperator of (),() holds (L2 * R1) + (R2 * (L1 + R1)) is RestFunc of ()
proof end;

theorem :: NDIFF_4:50
for n, m being non zero Element of NAT
for x0 being Element of REAL
for g being PartFunc of REAL,() st g is_differentiable_in x0 holds
for f being PartFunc of (),() st f is_differentiable_in g /. x0 holds
( f * g is_differentiable_in x0 & diff ((f * g),x0) = (diff (f,(g /. x0))) . (diff (g,x0)) )
proof end;